Analysis Of The Book Bobo - 942 Words

2. In the novel, Bobo is a baboon from the zoo that Mr. Pignati befriends. Mr. Pignati loves Bobo and is really the only friend that he has other than John and Lorraine. He always goes to the zoo to feed Bobo. I know it seems weird for a baboon that Lorraine describes as the ugliest, most vicious-looking baboon I ve ever seen in my life to be significant to the story, but Bobo is really important. Bobo is like a son to Mr. Pignati. Every day, he always walks down to the zoo to feed Bobo, but is not a young man anymore. Later towards the end of Chapter 10, going to the zoo was one of the many factors that contributed to Mr. Pignati’s heart attack. As Lorraine says on page 109, â€Å"I had forgotten about Mr. Pignati going way down to the†¦show more content†¦Pignati taking the 11:45 boat to Manhattan. From there, they took the Seventh Avenue Local subway until they arrived at Chamber Street. At Chamber Street, there was a crazy girl that Lorraine thought was a bad omen because the girl kept talking about how death was coming. â€Å"‘Death is coming,’ she kept repeating. ‘God told me death is coming.’† After they passed Chamber Street, John, Lorraine and Mr. Pignati had to switch subways and took the Seventh Avenue Express the rest of the way to Beekman’s. Once at Beekman’s, they first went to the fancy food delicatessen on the 8th floor. At the store, Mr. Pignati bought frogs’ legs, ricotta cheese, 3 jars of bean soup, bamboo shoots, fish killies with their head still on and as Lorraine claims on page 82, â€Å"‘...a lot of other delicious items.’† Mr. Pignati also bought Lorraine Love’n Nuts and Jamboree Juicy Jellies while he bought John a carton of tiger’s milk and chocolate covered ants. Next they stopped at the women’s underwear department on the 5th floor where Mr. Pignati bought Lorraine some nylon stockings. Afterwards, they looked around th e toy department and then the pet department. Finally, the trio stopped at the sports department where Mr. Pignati bought them all a pair of roller skates. To end off the day, John and Lorraine wore their roller skates through the rest of the store. 6. The most significant event that occurred at the endShow MoreRelatedEvaluation of Social Learning Theory1634 Words   |  7 Pagestheory as originated by Albert Bandura. I am going to use three pieces of evidence, in a form of case studies, which have been done previously to support or contradict Bandura’s theory. I will demonstrate my knowledge of these studies throughout their analysis, trying to highlight their strengths and limitations. Albert Bandura, a 20th century American pszchologist, proposed a very important and probably the most influential theory of development and learning. He believed that: â€Å"Most human behaviourRead MoreAre Humans Innately Aggressive?1410 Words   |  6 Pagesmechanisms such as testosterone, cortisol or serotonin level, however, general conclusions are that hormones do not actually produce aggression, although can influence it (Brain, 1977). The relationship between testosterone and aggression was found by Book, Starzyk Quinsey (2001) which confirmed a finding of a weak, positive relationship however a later reanalysis of this study found many problems including using secondary sources for the initial literature review, a low-power statistical test andRead MoreHow To Be an Active Leaner in a Group Environment 1639 Words   |  7 Pageswill consist firstly of a Literature review where I will be using third party sources for support, next there will also be a critical analysis sec tion which will further develop my ideas and allow me to share my own experiences. Lastly there will be a conclusion which will hopefully draw together the ideas that have been discussed and summarise the critical analysis section. It is so important for us to understand how to learn and different types of learning as learning is an active and dynamic conceptRead MoreThe Theories Of Personality, By Abraham Maslow, Gordon Allport, Albert Bandura, And Raymond Cattell1568 Words   |  7 Pageshe came back to the United States and began taking classes at Harvard again where he earned his master and Ph. D. in psychology. After meeting the famous Sigmund Freud and having a conversation with him, Gordon began trying to come up with his own analysis is of theories of personality. He began developing this theory by going through a dictionary and noting every term he found that described a personality trait. â€Å"After compiling a list of 4,500 different traits, he organized them into thre e differentRead MoreAlbert Bandura s Social Psychology2061 Words   |  9 Pagesthe same way. The research that Bandura and Walters did was so abstract and very interesting that it lead Bandura to write his first book called Adolescent Aggression (1959). Although Banduras hypothesis was understandable, he needed to create an experiment to prove that aggressive is learned through observation. In 1961, Bandura created the BoBo doll experiment. A Bobo doll is a blow up figure. Bandura took thirty six girls and thirty six boys from the nursery at Stanford University, between ages threeRead MorePsychological Research And Its Impact On Society1799 Words   |  8 Pagesbehaviour and can provide valuable information for use in health and safety. The first area of psychological research I will be discussing is the area of social learning, starting with an experiment run by Albert Bandura in the early 1960s known as the â€Å"Bobo doll† experiment. Bandura’s overall hypothesis for this research was his belief that human behaviour is not inherited but is learned through social imitation. This experiment looked at and analysed the way young children were affected by viewing differentRead MoreStarbucks Case Study Analysis1150 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS ON: A STORY OF GROWTH -Riddhi Ravishekar Roll no:42 Q:1. In the beginning, how was Starbucks different from other coffee options for coffee drinkers in the United States? What activities and assets did Starbucks leverage to differentiate itself from competitors? Ans. Starbucks was founded in 1971with an aim to roast and sell great coffee. At that time, coffee consumption in the US was nearlyRead MoreUnit 8 P1 and M11566 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity Press, 1999) Moore S – Social Welfare Alive Third Edition (Nelson Thornes, 2002) ISBN 9780748765614 Stretch B and Whitehouse M – BTEC Level 3 Nationals in Health and Social Care Student Book 1 (Pearson, Stretch B and Whitehouse M – BTEC Level 3 Nationals in Health and Social Care Student Book 2 (Pearson, 2010) ISBN 9781846907470 Journal Psychology Review Websites www.bps.org.uk British Psychological Society www.dh.gov.uk Department of Health www.statistics.gov.uk/socialtrends Office forRead MoreSummary Of The Breakfast Club1660 Words   |  7 Pagescognitive social learning theory, people are active information processors and learn from what they see. This is like bobo doll experiment, children followed what they saw in the video, Bender, in the same way, learnt these violent behaviors from his dad and used them toward other students. His other antisocial behaviors like smoking weeds, talking badly about others, destroying books and taking a knife with him to school can all be explained by this cognitive social learning theory EcologicalRead MoreIb Psychology Sociocultural Notes3875 Words   |  16 Pageslearning. Unconscious. Conscious Control condition – The children were shown the film with the adult behaving aggressively towards the Bobo doll. Model-rewarded condition – Children saw the same film used in the control condition but after the aggression was over, a second adult appeared in the film to reward the aggressor with sweets and a soft drink. Bobo dolls are clown-like dolls with a weight in the bottom. They are designed in such a way as to always bounce back when knocked down. Model-punished

The Impact of Gender and Family on Juvenile Delinquency in...

Juvenile delinquency is of great concern in the United States. In 2007 over 2 million arrests were juveniles. There are two types of juvenile delinquency. The first type of offense is a behavior that would be a criminal violation for an adult. The other offense is called a â€Å"status† offense. Status offenses are delinquent actions that do not apply to adults, like running away and truancy. This paper will discuss the impact of gender and family on delinquency and the treatment by gender in the juvenile justice system. Juvenile delinquent behavior is believed to be under-represented due to the limited methods of collecting juvenile crime data. Juvenile arrests accounted for 16 percent of all violent crime arrests (i.e. murder, rape,†¦show more content†¦A policy brief from the Institute for Marriage and Public Policy (IMAPP) found that both the individual risk and overall rates of crime were reduced when parents were married. The brief summarized 23 U.S. studies published in peer-reviewed journals between 2000 and 2005, and determined that areas with high rates of family fragmentation (especially unwed childbearing) tended to have higher rates of crime. In addition, they found evidence that teens raised in single-parent homes were more likely to commit crimes (IMAPP Policy Brief, 2005). There are many reasons why juveniles become delinquent. Stress is a huge factor when dealing with juveniles. The Strain Theory suggests that strain/stress and negativity may directly and/or indirectly lead to delinquency. Stain/stress lead to negative emotions which can fuel delinquency including violence, vandalism, truancy, illegal drug use, and theft. According to Sickmund Snyder, males tend to be more aggressive and involved in violent crimes than females. A 2003 survey suggests that 33 percent of high school students have admitted to being involved in one or more physical altercations within the past 12 months. Of the 33 percent of students, males were substantially more likely to fight than females, and more likely to commit a violent act (Sickmund Snyder, 2006).Show MoreRelatedFactors That Cause The Increase Rate Of Juvenile Delinquency Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease rate of Juvenile delinquencies. A survey research design will be used. Simple random sampling techn ique will be used while questionnaire and interview schedule will be necessary data collection instruments. This project will use the findings to know how to reduce the increasing rates of juvenile delinquency and also how to improve the current juvenile institutions available in order to be more productive. Juvenile Delinquency Introduction Juvenile delinquency is a situationRead MoreThe Pattern Of Juvenile Delinquency Is Strain Theory1156 Words   |  5 Pages Another relevant theory in regards to the pattern of juvenile delinquency is Strain Theory. In 1938, Robert Merton developed the theory of Strain to describe how social structures within society may pressure citizens (low socioeconomic status) to commit crimes. Merton felt that too much pressure to achieve goals, such as financial well-being, led to behaviors such as selling drugs. Merton’s theory relates to juvenile delinquency in that adolescents might experience overwhelming stress or pressureRead MoreThe Role Of Family Structure And Youth Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pagesthe home. Not all families are nuclear families consisting of a mother and father. Some families are single parent families where there is only one parent or even extended families, meaning daughters, sons, grandparents, uncles, aunts, and so on. Families go through many trials and tribulations. Some events can be tremendously disruptive for everyone within that family or household. According to Kierkus and Hewitt (2009)â€Å"Children raised in traditional, two-parent families experience a lower riskRead MoreThe High Incarceration Rate Of Juveniles1748 Words   |  7 Pagesincarceration rate of juveniles is a significant social problem that affects society as a whole as well as the youth’s individual welfare and developmental trajectory. Adolescents who are incarcerated in the juvenile justice system face a multitude of negative lifelong implications. The history of incarcerating youth in residential facilities such as juvenile halls, camps, ranches or group homes as a consequence for committing crimes has a deep-rooted history in the United States. â€Å"For more than a centuryRead MoreThe Relationship Between Race and Juvenile Delinquency1965 Words   |  8 PagesThe Relationship Between Race and Juvenile Delinquency Four years now researcher in the fields of psychology sociology, genetics, and the juvenile justice system have contemplated the reason why some youth turn to delinquency and violence. To investigate the reasons, for some adolescents you would have to research on a case to case basis could fall into one category of multiple categories stemming, why they act the way they do and what cause these reactions. Some researchers may want toRead MoreNotes On Delinquency Prevention Programs4174 Words   |  17 PagesRunning head: DELINQUENCY PREVENTION PROGRAMS 1 16 17 Delinquency Prevention Programs Alton Johnson American Military University Abstract This research paper will describe a variety of delinquency prevention programs as well as why they are beneficial for today?s society. Pivotal questions regarding the purpose of delinquency programs will be addressed through proven and current research. These programs when coupled with increased parental involvement are proven to be moreRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Is A State Level System Of Juvenile Correctional Facilities1597 Words   |  7 PagesToday in the United States, citizens under the age of 18 are considered minors. In our criminal justice system, about 1 million juveniles under the age of 18 are arrested each year. While violent crimes by juveniles are decreasing, the female juvenile population has grown tremendously. Both girls and boys who are in the juvenile system usually have problems at home and school that have put them at risk for delinquency. This includes maltreatment, poverty or both, and these factors may have a negativeRead MoreEvaluation Of Mentorin g Programs For The United States1732 Words   |  7 Pageswere first instituted in the U.S. in the late 19th century as an alternative to incarceration to be used in Juvenile Courts under the supervision of probation officers (2014). According to Matz, these sentencing policies were inspired by the progressive era’s focus on alleviating the mass poverty that was caused by industrialization, immigration, and urbanization (2014). Blakeslee and Keller state that â€Å"The highly renowned Big Brothers Big Sisters of America (BBBS) mentoring program, for example, beganRead MoreThe First National Child Protection Legislation1434 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' Historical Justifications. In 1974, the first national child protection legislation, The Child Abuse Prevention and Treat Act (CAPTA) became effective to promote awareness to communities and states to engage in identifying and preventing child abuse (Stein 1984). In order to realize the objectives of the Act, abuse must be defined. Defining abuse is hard to set in stone, as one concern is whether both physical and emotional abuse should be included or only one (Stein 1984). Another concern isRead MoreFemale Juvenile Offenders And The Need For Programs2286 Words   |  10 Pages Female Juvenile Offenders and the Need for Programs Sarah Pepe Alvernia University â€Æ' Abstract A major issue in today’s society is female juvenile offenders and the lack of programs available to them. This sparks the great need for programs for them. Females differ greatly from males and require different programs due to the emotional and mental changes between the two. Different approaches and ways to cope as well as heal are required more for girls rather than highly structured and strict approaches

How far was Roosevelt himself responsible for his election victory in 1932 Free Essays

There were several reasons for Roosevelt’s election in 1932 all of which can be placed into three different categories, Roosevelt’s strengths, the opponent’s weaknesses and The Depression. All of these reasons were important in their own ways. The Depression had caused America huge problems. We will write a custom essay sample on How far was Roosevelt himself responsible for his election victory in 1932? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unemployment had risen to nearly 14 million by 1932. Businesses had had to cut production by in some cases up to 80%. Average wage had fallen from 59 to 49 cents an hour. This meant that people were slowly getting more and more desperate as there seemed to be no action being done by the republican government so people started looking for solutions in the Democratic Party. Hoover was very unpopular. He did not acknowledge the depressions existence he didn’t admit there was a problem as he claimed in his speech delivered on the 26th of October a week after the depression started. This meant that people who were suffering through unemployment and homeless were annoyed that Hoover was not even admitting there was a problem which meant he would not help them. In 1932 United States veterans went on a ‘Bonus March.’ The soldiers from WW1, who had been promised a bonus that would be paid to them in 1945, wanted to receive the bonuses early because of starvation and homelessness. 15000 people streamed into Washington. Hoover refused to pay and brought in the army to deal with the veterans. This made Hoover less popular because people respected those who had fought for their country and when Hoover had attacked them which was a terrible thing to do so people viewed him as a bad person. Hoover believed in ‘Lassiez Faire’ which meant that he believed that the Economy should run itself and not be interfered with. This made Hoover unpopular as it meant he would not offer any support for the workers who were now unemployed or loan money to businesses that needed loans to help them create more jobs. Roosevelt did many things to increase his popularity. Firstly, Roosevelt came up with the ‘New Deal’ which outlined what he was going to do to reverse the depression. Roosevelt offered the public relief, recovery and reform none of these policies were in Hoover’s campaign who was still hoping the problem of the depression would fix itself. This meant that people who were suffering wanted a man like Roosevelt in power who was willing to do something about the depression and give them relief. Roosevelt’s ability to bounce back from his polio inspired Americans. People saw how he could deal with a problem face on and overcome rather than hide from it. This was a very appealing characteristic for a president during the depression as people knew that if he was in power he would be determined to face the problem head on. Roosevelt liked touring the country and meeting people. He talks to the people and lets them get to know him as a person not just a far off distant man like Hoover, who people saw as cold and unfriendly. This meant that people liked Roosevelt as a person and felt they had a bond with him that they didn’t have with Hoover, this increased his popularity. I believe that the depression was the greatest cause for Roosevelt’s victory in the 1932 election. During the 1920’s Hoovers ‘Lassiez Faire’ values worked well, there was a large boom and most of the country benefited. However when The Depression occurred it revealed all the problems with Hoover and made Roosevelt look like a better candidate for the job. How to cite How far was Roosevelt himself responsible for his election victory in 1932?, Papers

Evil Dead Vs. Evil Dead 2 Essay Example For Students

Evil Dead Vs. Evil Dead 2 Essay Evil Dead; in respect to Evil Dead 2;Main Character Personality Differences From the Original to the RemakeEvil Dead; and Evil Dead 2; are both late 80s horror movies starring Bruce Campbell as Ash, a quiet guy in his early 20s that ends up hacking to death his demon posessed friends to avoid death. In the original Evil Dead;, Ash tends to run from any of the daemons and scary things that come his way, until there is no one left and he is forced to protect himself. In Evil Dead2;, Ash Starts out as a quiet guy, but when evil things start happening, he swings quickly into action. From slicing up his girlfriends possessed head to chopping off his own possessed hand, he never seems timid around danger. To accurately compare these two films, it needs to be known that Evil Dead; and Evil Dead2; are the same movie. Evil Dead2; is not a sequel to Evil Dead; but rather a remake of the original. The original let the impression of Ash being killed at the very end of the film. The remake, Evil Dead2;, allowed the making of the sequel, army of darkness;. In Evil Dead;, Ash, his girlfriend, and 3 other friends rent a run-down cabin in the middle of a deserted forest for a couple nights as a vacation. Ash seems to be the easy-going push over type. He does what everyone says without question. Shortly after a tree sexually attacks one of the girls in the group she becomes possessed and attempts to kill ashs girlfriend. While this is happening ash is standing 4 feet away with an ax, yet he is too scared to do anything. The other man in their group has to take action and lock her in the basement. According to the remake, this is unusual behavior for Ash. In Evil Dead2;, Ashs Girlfriend is the fir st individual possessed and he barely thinks twice before taking her head off with an ax and then cutting the head in half with a chain-saw. In Evil Dead;, one of the characters tells Ash that theres something out there; but ash refuses to believe. On the contrary, in Evil Dead2;, ash tries to convince some visitors to the cabin that people are possessed and they end up locking him in the basement. In the second version of the story, Ash is made out to be a hero. A man who defeated evil with a chainsaw and a shotgun. In the original, he is made out to be a survivor. Someone who coped with evil long enough to survive until morning. Even when morning comes, evil attacks one last time before the movie closes and you are left not knowing weather he lives or not. In the original Evil Dead;, he kills for fear and survival. Yet in Evil Dead2; he has some tendencies to act out on revenge and/or anger. This is more similar to how I picture Ash. It gives him more depth of character. Even in low-budget horror flicks characterization is an important part of the movie. Although Ash seems to care for his girlfriend more in the first movie, it doesnt seem to take much away from the second when he shows less emotion at her death. The similar stories with similar characters have differences that make Ash seem like two completely different individuals. Part of that difference is situational. Some of the sub-plots were changed from story to story. But I believe the majority of the difference to be from the character himself. The way he reacts, the way he displays emotion, even the way he looks around has changed from the original. And changed for the better.

The Effects Of Violence In Media On Society Today Essays

The Effects of Violence in Media on Society Today Refinance now homeowner even if you have bad credit. 185 loc The Effects of Violence in Media on Society Today Is societies violence the media's fault? This is the question that has been asked since before television was in every American's house. Of course there are the different types of media today ranging from newspapers, to on-line reports and stories. There have been arguments upon arguments about this issue, and over 3,000 studies conducted. Unfortunately there isn't one single result, there is only an array of supposed answers to this undying question. CBS president, Howard Stringer is pointing to a different scapegoat for society's violence. "I come from a country ... that puts a lot of American movies on and has more graphic violence within it's live drama on the BBC than anywhere else, and there is a lot less violence in the United Kingdom than there is here. There are 200 million guns in America, and that has a lot to do with violence." He feels it has to do with gun control, which others have suggested. But there are so many violent acts, that one can't focus on the guns, just like one can't focus on the media. David Phillips, one of the men we discuss later put it perfectly, "It's like watching rain fall on a pond and trying to figure out which drop causes which ripple." There have been many studies conducted on the effects of violence on children, and on the effects on society as a whole. There have been about 3,000 studies performed on this topic. Two of the most prolific studies were the UCLA Television Violence Monitoring Report, and the Mediascope, Inc. test sponsored by the National Cable Television Association. Of course there were many other studies done, but these made headlines because of their results. The UCLA study focused on all of the television media, and discovered some interesting facts from their study. Prime Time Series raised the least concern. Theatrical films raised more concern and had a lot more violence. The Saturday morning cartoons had mixed reviews. 23% of the cartoons raised concern, but that was only rating the most popular cartoons: Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, X-Men, etc. They termed the action in cartoons as "Sinister Combat Violence" which basically means the whole story line leads to violence. Mediascope, Inc. focused on the amount and context on cable, effectiveness of rating systems and parental advisories, and the success of anti-violent messages. They found that perpetrators go unpunished in 73% of all violent scenes, one out of four violent interactions involved the use of handguns, and premium cable channels present the highest percentage of violent programs (85%). There was more to their findings, but these were the more prevalent findings. University of Michigan psychologists Dr. Leonard Eron and Dr. Rowell Huesmann conducted a study, which continued for decades. This was conducted beginning in 1960. They took 800 eight-year-olds and found that children who watched many hours of violent television tended to be more aggressive in the playground and the classroom. They checked back with these kids 11 and 22 years later. They found the aggressive eight-year-olds grew up to become even more aggressive. They testified before congress in 1992 stating, "Television violence affects youngsters of all ages, of both genders, at all socioeconomic levels and all levels of intelligence. The effect is not limited to children who are already disposed to being aggressive and is not restricted to this country." David Phillips, a scientist at the University of California in San Diego conducted a study on prizefights on television. He thought of this topic, because he felt there wasn't enough research being conducted on the copycat violence. He found that after prize fights on television, there would be about a 10 percent increase in murders for a few days afterwards. He quoted, "It also seems to be the case that the kind of person killed just after the prizefight is similar to the person beaten in the prize fight." There are four major theories of television violence. The "arousal" theory, the "social learning" theory, the "disinhibition hypothesis," and the "catharsis hypothesis." These four hypothesis/theories are old and new conclusions to the question at hand. It is notable to see that some of these theories were stated as early as 1961. Most would have to disagree with these theories just because of the age of their births, but to most people's surprise they still hold in the 21st century. The arousal theory is basically self-explanatory. This was theorized by P.H. Tannenbaum in 1975. He said exposure

Why does Mrs Maloney get away and Roylott doesnt Essay Example

Why does Mrs Maloney get away and Roylott doesnt Essay Example Why does Mrs Maloney get away and Roylott doesnt Essay Why does Mrs Maloney get away and Roylott doesnt Essay Essay Topic: Literature Although both Lambs to the Slaughter and the Speckled Band are of the same genre (murder mystery) they have many differences making them different from each other. These differences suggest why Mrs Maloney gets away and Roylott doesnt get away with it. The protagonist in each story is viewed in a different way. We watch Maloney to see if she gets found out, Sherlock Holmes to catch his man because Sherlock Holmes always gets his man. From this simple quote his man you can see it brings up a number of issues concerning the historical differences in the story. His man already suggests the murderer is a man because of the sexist views on woman on this time. Roald Dahl capitalises on this idea and makes a change. This shows how the audience expectation over time changes and what changing prolonging ideas do to the surprising aspects of the story. There are countless differences in the stories although theyre of the same genre: murderers are of different sex, Roylott is selfish selfless; Mrs Maloney is selfless, protagonist murderer; protagonist detective. These are just a few of the differences. These sources show that the two stories could be of there own specialised genre because of the vast number of differences. They could be in their own category within the murder mystery genre. This suggests why Roylott is caught and Mrs Maloney isnt, because their two different genres, within the vast murder mystery genre. The murderers caught in one genre and in the other genre the murderer doesnt. In Roylotts book genre he gets caught because that is the way it is in that particular genre. Although there are many differences there are also many similarities, which makes the two stories, fall under the same genre: both involve murders, both are stories, both employ unexpected murder weapons. The time difference in the two stories means that the people have a different expectation of what expect in a story. The time difference in the Speckled Band is clearly shown by the language, yet you had a good drive in a dogcart. We wouldnt use dogcart in todays language; if people wrote differently their expectation is bound to of changed. The audience at the time of the Speckled Band Would expect the murderer to be a man. Change in audience suggests why Roylott gets caught and Mrs Maloney doesnt. Out of the two murderers Roylott seems the more likely to get away with the murder because he is very scheming. He plans the whole murder, which seems flawless and hes a doctor so hes intelligent enough to get away with planning a successful murder. Mrs Maloney on the other hand because she doesnt work and stays at home waiting for her husband would be less intelligent, Mary Maloney was waiting for her husband to come home from work. This would be normal for a mid 20th housewife to stay at home and wait for husband. A woman wouldnt be expected to work let alone kill someone. A woman wouldnt be able to conceal such a crime without planning it according to audience preconceptions: At that point Mary Maloney simply walked up behind him and without any pause she swung the big frozen leg on the back of his head. She also loved the man so much she would do anything for him, she loved to luxuriate in the presence of this man. Any reader, Dahls 20th century one audience or Doyle that emotional state to be caught where as Roylott who took a medical degree and went to Calcutta, where by his own professional skill, he established a large practice wouldnt. Just for being a woman and not a man a Doyles 19th century audience and Dahls 20th century audience would expect Mrs. Maloney to be caught. Also Roylott to a 19th century reader would be thought to be tougher than a woman who are portrayed weaker in the Speckled Band as well as in Lamb to the Slaughter. Ii was Mrs Stoner who went to see Holmes because she was scared, its not the cold that makes me shiver. Roald Dahls subverts what people expect and makes Mrs Maloney the murderer to surprise the audience. It is even more surprising for Doyles 19th century audience and Dahls 20th century audience that Mrs Maloney gets away with it. Mrs Maloney gets away with it because Dahl as an author wants to surprise the audience by making something unexpected happen. The story is a murder mystery and it is a shock to the audience that a woman could kill. Dahl shocks his Lamb to the Slaughter reader because it is not Mary Maloney (not because she is a woman) but her husband who seems the more likely killer. When her husband comes in, his mind seems to be occupied by something else. He seems to answer her questions rudely, darling shall I get your slippers (Mrs Maloney speaking) no he answers (Mr Maloney). He answers the next questions no, I dont want it, forget it. Clearly he doesnt really want to speak to her. Mr Maloney is also drinking heavily: When he (Mr Maloney) came back, she noticed that the new drink was dark amber with the quantity of whisky in it. Mr Maloney was clearly occupied by something else and dinking heavily. Any reader, whether it was 100 years ago or present day would expect Mr Maloney to be the murderer. Dahl then makes Mrs Maloney the murderer to surprise the audience. This suggests why Mary Maloney kills in the first place, to make it a better story. Mary Maloney seems the unlikely murder to surprise the audience. Mrs Maloney seems to be the more unlikely murderer to surprise the audience. Mrs Maloney seems exceptionally happy and very much enjoyed the company of her husband, she loved to luxuriate in the presence of this man She seems eager to do anything for her husband, Ill get it she cried (Mrs Maloney) jumping up. It isnt at all obvious right up to the point that she kills her husband that Mary Maloney is the murderer. Any audience, Dahl or Doyles would not put Mrs Maloney, such a loving wife, on their list of suspects. This (the element of surprise) idea, which I have expressed earlier, is what Dahl capitalises on. This is even more so for Dahls mid 20th century audience who even more surprised the woman is a murderer. In the Speckled band it isnt a shock to see that Roylott is the murderer. Dr Roylott is a violent aggressive character. In the start of the story Mrs Stoner describes how he beat his native butler to death and, on his return to England, his own two stepdaughters and everybody in the local area fear him: .. For he (Roylott) is a man of immense strength, and absolutely uncontrollable in his anger. Any reader, whether it is Doyles original 19th century audience or a modern on, would place Roylott at the top of their fist of suspects. Doyle chooses such a two dimensional-character in Roylott. Roylott is easy to dislike because of his selfish, uncaring and mean behaviour, I am a dangerous man to fall foul of he shouts at Holmes furiously. From his first appearance you can tell hes a horrible man thats easy to dislike. Holmes the meddler, Roylott screams. It would be against the conventions of Holmes for the horrible, bad, murderer to get away with it. Any reader of the Speckled Band irrespective of time would want Dr Roylott to get caught. If Mrs Maloney a nice woman were the murderer in the Speckled Band she would probably get away with it again. The fact that Roylott is horrible suggests why he is caught and Mrs Maloney isnt. We also feel pity for Mrs Maloney and if we felt pity for Roylott, Holmes wouldnt be able to catch him because it would be against conventions of the good detective catching the bad killer. This suggests why Roylott is caught. We feel pity for Mrs Maloney because she only hides her crime to protect her baby, what were the laws on unborn children? Did they kill them both mother and child. These factors build on the growing pity the audience is feeling for Mrs Maloney. Her husband who she loved so much, for her (Mrs Maloney) this was a blissful time of day enjoying his (her husbands) company after the long hours alone in the house, told her he was having a affair: This is going to be a bit of a shock to you, Im afraid he said (Mr Maloney) nd he told her She sat very still through it all, watching him with a kind of dazed horror. She kills her husband because she is mentally unstable and the growing emotion is taken out as she kills her husband. No wonder the audience feels pity for audience would, whether its Dahls 20th century one, or Doyles original 19th century one. These factors suggest Roylott was caught, because hes the bad guy and the bad guy always loses. Mrs Maloney wasnt caught because she was on the good side. This evidence shows why Mrs Maloney gets away, Roylott does not. It is also questionable whether Mrs Maloney does get away with it in these circumstances. Her husband who she greatly relied on not just for expenses, of course Ill give you money but for love, is dead. She is also left with a baby to bring up without a dad and without the money he would supply. Does Mrs Maloney get away with it? Clearly to any reader, she doesnt. So does it mean both Roylott and Mrs Maloney were caught but just in different ways. The earlier quotes link in with the motive, Roylotts is selfish; Mrs Maloneys is selfless. Mary Maloney killed her husband because he was having an affair or something along the lines. Dahl leaves the reader to play at detective; he leaves some unsolved clues, which Doyle does not allow the freedom of because Sherlock Holmes cannot miss a thing: And he told her; it didnt take long, four or five minutes at the most, and sh sat very sill through it all, with a kind of dazed horror. She is so in love with he husband she ignores him: It occurred to her he hadnt even spoken After this she realises her world is falling apart and she cracks, hence the killing. The motive, which is so cleverly hidden by Roald Dahl, is not so apparent but we have a fair idea what it is by her reaction. Any reader would be just as emotionally jacked up to killing someone; anyone would, considering her state of affairs. On the other Roylotts selfish killing for money more than underlines his greedy personality. His motive is clear and we can see why he may want to kill his stepdaughters when Mrs Stoner tells his story. We find out that in the event of marriage Roylott: would have to pay a certain annual sum in the event of our (Mrs Stoner and her sisters) marriage. Mrs Stoners twin sisters suspiciously die the night before her wedding. This shows Roylotts clear motive to kill his two stepdaughters before the night of their wedding. Mrs Stoners twin sister was killed the night before her wedding and a few weeks before this heard a strange whistle. Now Mrs Stoner before her wedding hears the same whistle: Imagine, then, my thrill of terror last night when I heard in the silence of the night the low whistle. What a coincidence! The evidence shows to any reader Roylott has a clear motive (for money) to kill his two stepdaughters and that he has already killed one. The evidence shows Roylott: is selfish; Mrs Maloneys is selfless as stated previously or Roylott is killing for money (which he does not need) and Mrs Maloney for emotional pain of having to bring up a baby on her own. Roylotts clear motive, which is apparent to a reader of either Lamb to the Slaughter or the Speckled Band, shows that he is the murderer, its just a matter of obtaining evidence. Roylotts selfish plot is uncovered because he is selfish and Sherlock Holmes as one of the conventions of his character always gets his selfish murderer. Roylott when under pressure from Holmes in the Speckled Band loses his temper and subsequently goes to Holmess house. He shouts at Holmes ever more underlining that hes the killer. If he didnt kill his stepdaughters he wouldnt worry because Holmes would not find any evidence. By going to the house and losing his temper he is almost begging to be caught: Holmes then Scotland Yard jack in the office! Roylott is so obviously the murderer any reader would be putting their life on it. The story would all most be stupid if he didnt get caught. Roylotts horrible, nasty portrayal is underlined when he storms in Holmess house: The ejaculation had been drawn from my companion (Holmes) our door had been suddenly dashed open. This underlines the audiences hate of him. His two dimensional bad man image makes the audience hate him, which makes Doyles portrayal successful. Doyle wants us to hate him so the reader reads on to see if he does get caught, which in the end is true this audience are satisfied someone they hate is caught. In Lamb to the Slaughter Mary Maloney conceals her crime in a number of ways. Firstly, lucidly enough for her she suddenly hits out at her husband with a leg of lamb and not an obvious murder weapon like a knife: Mary Maloney walked up and Swung the big frozen leg of lamb, down as hard as she could on the back of his head. This isnt an expected murder weapon and works to her side later on when the detectives eat it. After her sudden act of emotion she pulls herself together and practises speaking to the green grocer, which could act as an alibi. She tried a smile. It came out rather peculiar Hullo Sam, she (Mrs Maloney) said. She then actually goes to the green grocer and acts very calm: Patrick decided he doesnt want to eat out tonight. This shows that by managing to keep calm when under pressure, unlike Roylott, Mrs Maloney successfully hides her crime. This suggests to a modern or 19th century audience by acting natural and not losing your temper like Mrs Malone you would not get caught. After getting her alibi Mrs Maloney goes back to the lamb in the oven, which, she put in earlier acting natural. She phones the police not before seeing her husband dead on the floor, which gets her in a state, realising what she had done. This makes it easy to act natural like she says Quick! Come Patricks dead! The police arrive and go about the business of checking for clues. She then offers them a drink playing the typically portrayed housewife image. The policeman answers, I m not strictly allowed but Ill have just the one to keep me going. Mrs Maloney hears the detective that went to see the greengrocer talking about how she acted when she bought the stuff for dinner there. The detective says she was, very cheerful impossible that she (killed her husband). This shows she has got a successful alibi in he greengrocer. Mrs Maloney then goes back to manipulating the policemen by begging them to eat the lamb, please she begged eat it. Through these actions of manipulating the policemen she gets away with it. The main aspect of Mrs Maloneys story is based on the representation of woman to be feeble. Roald Dahl subverts traditional conventions by making a woman (Mrs Maloney) the murderer. A reader in the 19th century would be shocked at the idea of a woman murdering because of the sexist views on woman at this time. This is the principle reason why Mrs Maloney gets away. She plays on the convention that women are feeble breaking the convention of the male murderer. The detectives before anything subconsciously think its a man: Its the same old story. Get the murder weapon, and youve got your man. The detectives already think its a man and when she manipulates them into thinking She would never do it they have got know chance of getting her, why dont you have one yourself (Mrs Maloney as detective for a drink) you must be awfully tired. She is clearly trying to manipulate them to any reader. Unlike Roylott who is typical murderer, a man, who killed a butler, who makes Folks fly at his approach, Mrs Maloney is your much complex character who clearly to any reader or in this case the policemen not a obvious murderer. Roylott gets caught because he is your average easy to catch murderer because of what he is. If he were a nice woman who never banned anything he would not get caught. Likewise if Mrs Maloney drunk heavily wore shabby clothes she would probably get caught. It doesnt matter whos got the best plan its who is portrayed without the characteristics of your normal stereotypical murder. Mrs Maloney knows she (Mrs Maloney) knew nearly all of the men (policemen) at the precinct which adds to her favour. The policemen dont need much manipulating because they know she is a loving housewife, they (the policemen) were always nice to her. If she was horrible they wouldnt be nice but they are always nice to her, always almost suggest they make a special effort to be nice to her. Any reader irrespective of time, from the evidence shown could say all the factors of who she is as a person and what she is (a woman) successfully lead to her survival. Mrs Maloney manipulates them into eating the lamb, you must be terribly hungry and (Mrs Maloney) know Patrick would never forgive me. The police eat the lamb totally feeling sorry for Mrs Maloney. In the other room Mary Maloney to giggle shows her acknowledging the fact she manipulated them and to us she succeeded in breaking conventions. Mrs Maloney clearly manipulated so much she had the policemen breaking rules. She asks Jack Noonan a detective if he wants a whisky to which he replies Im not strictly allowed, but through Mary Maloneys manipulation he does anyway but (the detective) might just take one drop to keep me going. She then manipulates the others to having a drink, one by one the others came in and were persuaded to take a little nip of whisky. She has clearly to any audience over powering them, the whole group falling straight into her trap. The group stood round rather awkwardly trying to say consoling things, it wouldnt be awkward if they didnt care or feel sorry for her they wouldnt try to sat the right things to her but she has manipulated them so much they are going out there way to be nice. Clearly to any reader whether it a 19th century Doyle reader or a modern one you can clearly see she has manipulated them. Her behaviour before her husbands death and after is totally contrasting. From the lovely housewife she turns into a crafty killer. This shows shes more than just a housewife, like all women are but she is portrayed leading us to think differently. Unlike Mary Maloney Roylott fails to manipulate the detectives but even worse approaches them with threats. Roylotts more complex way of disguising the crime, which he thinks will hide it, is secondary to how the characters are portrayed. If you know someone did the crime its just a matter of finding evidence but if you are led to believe its definitely not them you dont even try to catch him or her, this is Roylotts fault. Roylott trys to conceal his crime by training a snake to go up a ventilator, the rope was there as a bridge for something to pass through. Roylott was put in the story to be caught by the ever-successful Holmes; if Roylott werent caught the story would be unsuccessful. The story is a jigsaw puzzle, which to us seems impossible but all the while Doyle knows Holmes will uncover it making him look intelligent and clever. Irrespective of time Holmes will always get his man. Any reader realises this as soon as Holmess name is mentioned. If Sherlock Holmes were investigating Mrs Maloney It is questionable whether she would get away with it. Note man underlines that men are the prime suspects and this is true to any audience irrespective of time. So why does Roylott get caught and Mrs Maloney doesnt? There are many aspects to say why and why not. Mrs Maloney is the protagonist in one leading her to come out on top. This is one important factor into who gets caught. They should be separated into different genres because they are so different (many differences) but it is due mainly to the authors to outcome of the story.

Design Methods of Family-Centered Communication Coursework

Design Methods of Family-Centered Communication - Coursework Example From this paper it is clear that a daily log is a diary highlighting a summary of a child’s daily events. Its major purpose is to record vital information in respect to the child’s welfare. Additionally, the log provides parents and caregivers with some information about the day’s activities. This paper will analyze if Caregivers and families find a Daily Log helpful while at the same time enhancing communication between the center and the family. Subsequently, the paper will reflect on the significance of information between schools, caregivers and families in addition to appraising the benefits of various types of communication for families. This paper declares that healthy communication can often be created by different influences coupled with skills, personal goals, cultural orientations, thoughtfulness of people’s opinions and circumstantial factors. Communication skills in an early childhood setting include communicating with families and linking the m in the decision-making process and dealing with children. Diversity in childcare setting has become a major concern since the introduction of the affirmative action on 1960. Diversity in the childcare center has forced many schools to adapt to the ever changing environment. As childcare providers, it is necessary and imperative that they (caregivers) become aware of the ever changing environment and, therefore, equip themselves with the skills needed by the current child care system.

Nurses Involved in Lawsuits Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nurses Involved in Lawsuits - Research Paper Example Case ‘Patricia Fierle and Daniel Fierle, Husband And Wife, Appellants, vs. Jorge Perez M.D., Ltd., A Nevada Professional Corporation, D/B/A Sierra Nevada Oncology Care; Jorge Perez, M.D., Ph.D, MRCP, MRCPATH, An Individual; Linda Lesperance, R.N., APN-C, An Individual; Charmaine Cruet, R.N., APN-C, An Individual; and Melissa Mitchell, R.N., An Individual, Respondents.’ (Lexis-Nexis, 2009) The case was heard in the Supreme Court of Nevada. A brief history of this case is that it was also heard and dismissed in the district court, repudiating a post judgment motion (Lexis-Nexis, 2009). Overview Mrs. Fierle, Daniel’s wife was a patient under chemotherapy at the medical facility, Jorge Perez M.D., Ltd. She suffered burns on her skin as a result of this treatment and the husband and wife filed a case against Jorge Perez M.D., Ltd. They sued the facility but the action was dismissed by the court. The claims were of ‘medical malpractice’ (Lexis-Nexis, 2009), and the people who are the target were Jorge Perez, Linda Lesperance, Melissa Mitchell and Charmaine Cruet. The affidavit requirement of Nev. Rev. Stat.  §41A.071, (Lexis-Nexis, 2009) was applicable and the requirement was to file expert affidavits ‘non-res for ipsa loquitur claims’ (Lexis-Nexis, 2009), but the couple failed to attach them, however in case of assistants like the nurses, there is no such requirement, which is why under Nev. Rev. Stat.  § 41A.100 (1) (Lexis-Nexis, 2009), registered nurse was accused of professional negligence. Facts Patricia had been diagnosed with breast cancer in 2005 and she was under treatment at the John Perez medical facility, she had mastectomy, and a catheter was put in her chest, so that chemotherapy medicines could be instilled. One part of the catheter was attached to the subclavian vein, so this setting would let the caretaker administer the chemo medicine via a needle inserted in the catheter. Chemotherapy was to be admi nistered under the supervision of Dr. Perez and her nurses Charmaine Cruet, Linda Lesperance and Melissa Mitchell. Mitchell was the only registered nurse (being a registered nurse is very important for legal accusations). On her third visit, Patricia felt something was wrong during chemotherapy. According to the patient’s narrative, Mitchell’s chemo administration did not go into the catheter, instead it went into the tissue, causing a skin burn, known as the â€Å"extravasation† (Lexis-Nexis, 2009). She complained of the pain but medical attention was not given. The other day, a nurse noticed red spot on her chest and sent her to radiologist, which after ultrasound test, confirmed that catheter tip was not in subclavian vein but in the tissue. Patricia went to another doctor, Dr. Miercort, for her treatment, who also provided the affidavit for the case that â€Å"negligent extravasation† (Lexis-Nexis, 2009) had ensued by previous treatment. Patricia†™s claim in the court says that Mitchell failed to provide due care while administering chemo and that negligence caused her severe burn over her right shoulder and in subclavian region with epirubicin (Lexis-Nexis, 2009). Strategy to prevent it NSCA ("Standards and competencies," 2012) has issued a report how doctors and nurses can be extra careful while administeri

Information Security Policy Document (ISPD) Assignment

Information Security Policy Document (ISPD) - Assignment Example Organizations are dependent on these digital communication channels for transferring and exchanging classified information such as confidential information, mission critical information and information that is published for the people. As information is a blood life of any organization, it is vital to protect information by implementing physical, logical and environmental controls. In the context of protecting information security, three fundamental factors must be considered to make use of digitized information in an effective manner i.e. Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability. As there is a requirement of protecting this digital information internally and externally, policy is a control that provides necessary steps, procedures and processes to protect information. These are also considered as high level statements derived from the board of the organization. â€Å"Information security policy is therefore considered an essential tool for information security management† (Ilvonen 2009). However, information security policy is customized by company to company and department to department. Different factor that may influence to tailor the policy includes organization size, dependence on information systems, regulatory compliance and information classification scheme. For addressing all issues related to information security via a single policy is not possible, however, to cover all aspects related to information security, a set of information security policy document focusing on different group of employees within the organization is more suitable. This paper will discuss different factors that must be taken in to account when constructing and maintaining an information security policy. However, there are many methods available for constructing an information security policy, the initial step before adopting any one of the methods is to identify the current maturity level of the policy construction process within the organization. The outputs will be either no information security policy development process in place or there is an extensive policy development process exists. As University of Wales has inaugurated a new bespoke digital forensic and information security laboratory, we will use a phased approach that will use a basic policy framework that will address key policies followed with the development of more policies. Likewise, the phased approach will also revise the existing policies that are already in place. In the current scenario there is no policy in place, as the laboratory is new. One key element for a policy development process is the process maturity level. For instance, a newly derived comprehensive and complex security policy cannot be successful because organizations need time for compliance. Common pitfalls for compliance are different organization cultures, lack of management buy-in, insufficient resources and many other factors. For a newly inaugurated forensic laboratory, the initial

Comprehending English text

Comprehending English text CHAPTER 1 1.0 Introduction Reading ability is a very important element in a higher education level. Since English has become the lingua franca or the language of all regions, students of a higher education as in the tertiary level must be able to read and comprehend English text. Reading is a vital for an individual especially students of a higher education for many reasons. Reading is done by most people in order to obtain information, to make decision or for pleasure. Professionals too read to expand their knowledge and skills. Hence, the ability to read well is a valuable asset because any act either education professional or less need at least some reading ability. Furthermore, tremendous quantity of reading material makes the reading possible. However, if an individual can read but could not understand the meaning of what he has read, then the reading served no purpose to him. In fact, he will face a lot of problem in order to acquire information. Since reading skill plays a major role in education, great emphasis is given towards this skill started from the early school. Knowledge in most cases is imparted through printed material. Therefore, in order to have an effective teaching learning atmosphere, the students should be able to read and comprehend English text. Same goes when the students are in the higher education level, reading is still one most important skill to be mastered as there are thousands of education source are written in English. Reading is an active mental process which deals with interaction between readers and the text. A good reader is hypothesized as who are not only able to comprehend the text as a whole but are also who are able to employ various skills such as scanning, skimming, locating information, predicting, understanding, sequencing and interfering while comprehending the text. Weak readers on the other hand may only read the text where they can only understand the text at the surface level. 1.1 Background Of The Problem Difficulties in comprehending English text within Malaysian students have occurred so many years ago. In order for them to excel in the higher education level as in the tertiary level depends very much on their ability to read and comprehend text because reading is a fundamental asset for every individual. Brunan W.K (1980) for instant defines reading as a two way interaction in which information is exchange between the reader and the author. From many researches done, it shows that there are a lot of difficulties faced by Malaysian students and also by the native speakers in comprehending English text. This happen caused by several factors or problems that contribute to the difficulty of comprehending text such as low vocabularies, different social background knowledge, sentence length and also the term used. Based on my own experience, I am facing with students who are having this kind of problem, difficulties in comprehending English text. This happen when they are given a text written in English such as journals by their lecturer as the material was the source of the subject matter, they rather ask me or some students who are good in English to translate the text into Malay language. This shows that they are having problem in comprehending English text. I do believe that they can read but what makes them refuse to read is because they cant understand or comprehend the text. 1.2 Problem Statement This problem arises when the students read English text or materials but could not be able to comprehend them. They simply could not get the essence or the main idea of the writing which would be very problematic when it comes to the higher education level. From my own observation which is concern with some UPSI students of different courses such as Sport science, Science, Business Study and Counseling, it was initiated that they are having problem in comprehending English text even though most of the references regarding the courses are most found in English language. As a result of having problem in comprehending English text, they face other difficulties when carrying out assignments or presentations. In order for them to understand and comprehend the text, they need the text to be translated into Malay Language as Malay language is their first language. People with a good language of English will be chosen as their translator. Hence their English skill will never develop. This is a very serious matter because they could not comprehend English text. It means that they are having problem with their reading skills. This study is necessary to find the difficulties faced by the students of various courses studying in a tertiary level at Sultan Idris Education University and it is hoped that this study will help the teachers as well as the students of how to handle these difficulties. 1.3 Purpose of The Study The purpose of this study is to investigate the difficulties faced by the students of various courses studying in a tertiary level at Sultan Idris Education University in comprehending English text. This is because being able to understand English text is necessary since English language is concerned to be the language used in most of the reference books. This study will also help teachers to know what are the difficulties that actually faced by the students and it is hoped that this difficulties can be eased to enhance students reading ability. I will analyze and look what are the problems faced by the students and what strategies that they do in order to overcome that problem. From the data gained, some suggestions will be added in contributing to the diminution of the problem. 1.4 Research Questions There are three questions that need to be answered as a guide throughout the study as well as a means for the data collection. The research questions are as follows: What are the main problems faced by the students in comprehending English text? What strategies they use to understand the English text? How do these difficulties effect on their study? 1.5 Theoretical Framework In this study, I am using two (2) theories that match the topic of difficulties in reading comprehension. The first theory is the schema theory which is based on the assumption that the readers prior knowledge directly impacts new learning situations. In schema theory the concept of Schema has been used to understand the major factor that affecting comprehension process. The concept of schema comprising of knowledge about concept, concepts: objects and the relationships they have with other objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions, and sequences of actions. The schema theory is relevant to this study as the study investigate the difficulties faced by students in comprehending English reading text. In this context the readers knowledge about the topic is to be considered as the existed prior knowledge of the reader. According to the theory the existed prior knowledge on their first language (L1) will be used in comprehending reading text in their second language (L2) which is English. The second theory that will be used in this study is interactive approach by Grabe (1991). According to Grabe in his interactive approach model, interaction occurred between the reader and the text whereby the reader constructs meaning based partly on the knowledge drawn from the text and partly from the existing background knowledge that the reader has. This theory is suitable for the study as the study was aimed to investigate how students deal with the reading difficulties that they encounter. 1.6 Significance of the Study This study is beneficial to certain group of people because it might help them in some aspect of learning and teaching. This study is relevant as a guide for teachers in school to be prepared for some possibilities they might face in teaching their students. Besides that, this study will also give brief suggestions to the students on how they can deal with such a problem in reading. It is hope that from this study, the students will be much aware about their weaknesses and try to overcome and improve the weaknesses. University students are the most targeted group to view this study as it provides them with suggestions regarding problems in reading English text. The suggestion might help them to become a better reader and excel in their field. 1.7 Limitation of the Study In this study, there are several limitations that might occur. In order to get the data, I will use two methods. Those methods involve quantitative and qualitative design. For the quantitative design, I am going to distribute questionnaires for them to answer. The qualitative design on the other hand involves interviewing some respondent and it will be carried out verbally. I might have problem regarding data collection. Firstly, the data gathered from the questionnaires might not be as perfect as I wanted them to be. This is simply because the subjects are students of other courses that I am not familiar with. There is a tendency that they might simply answer the questionnaire without really focusing on the issue. This is something that usual to happen when questionnaires are being distributed. Besides that, I might have to face the risk that the questionnaires returned to me will not be as the same number as I have distributed them at the first place. Another limitation that I might face is from the interview. The respondent might not be able to communicate in English very well. As for that, a mixture of Malay language and English will be use in the interview. The idea is to get the information regarding the problem.

Usefulness of Mathematics Education Essay -- Math Mathematical Jobs Es

Usefulness of Mathematics Education There has been much discussion over the years about the usefulness of mathematical studies. Everyone seems to have a different viewpoint on the issue. Some believe that mathematics has little use in the working world and so is not a subject that should be taught at higher levels in secondary school. Others argue that mathematics does serve a profound purpose, albeit one that is subtle and not obvious in the vocational world. G. H. Hardy and Underwood Dudley, two great mathematicians of the twentieth century, have differing views, and our current Secretary of Education Richard Riley has his thoughts as well. So who is right? Who has a stronger argument? Here we will take a closer look at what is the main objective of all mathematics instruction. Hardy once wrote, "Very little of mathematics is useful practically, and that little is comparatively dull" [2]. However, in the next sentence, Hardy states that the power, the importance, the usefulness of a mathematical idea is not in its practical application, but rather in the power of the thought. Dudley agrees with this statement; his main premise is that mathematics, from the world’s viewpoint, is a way of thinking as opposed to the thought. Dudley argues that mathematics is not taught so students can someday go out on the job with confidence of knowing the derivative of sin(x), but that the subject exists in the classroom to teach students how to think [1]. Mathematics is a method of thinking, a powerful way of looking at the world, but it is not a way of making use of oneself in practical living. In 1996 Robin Ria II and David Burghes conducted an investigation of the need for math skills of young, perspective employees in business, in... ...ambridge: The University Press, 1941. [3] Lacampagne, Carole B. State of the Art: Transforming Ideas for Teaching and Learning Mathematics. July 1993. <http://www.ed.gov/pubs/StateArt/Math> (10/16/99). [4] Quirk, William G. The Anti-Content Mindset: The Root Cause of the "Math Wars". <http://www.wquirk.com/content.html> (10/16/99). [5] Ria II, Robin, and David Burghes. Mathematical Needs of Young Employees. <http://www.ex.ac.uk/cimt> (10/16/99). [6] Riley, Richard W. "The State of Mathematics Education: Building a Strong Foundation for the 21st Century." Conference of American Mathematical Society and Mathematical Association of America. 8 Jan. 1998. <http://www.ed.gov/Speeches/01-1998/980108.html>. (10/16/99). [7] Wood, Michael. The Case for Crunchy Numbers in Practical Mathematics. <http://www.soton.ac.uk/~gary/Wood98.htm> (10/16/99).

My Favorite Manager Essay

I worked in Strategic Centre, Consumer support services and global solution centre. I was hired as an front line operative and got promoted to Tech Lead role over time. When I was a trainer, my manager was Navin Kumar. Before working at HP, I used to work with Convergys. I was a front end operative at each of the other jobs before HP. Navin Kumar was my favorite because he had a relaxed mentality to the job but held accountability for actions. He allowed me and the other Trainers to have a say when running the Training module. He had the final say on all ideas but was open for input to improve the function of the Trainers efficiency. He was very personable and did not have the typical manager attitude. If I did my work when he wanted it completed and it was up to his level of quality his relationship was more similar to that of friends than a manager. If you failed to meet his expectations then he came down on me with a very strong force. He was not a typical manager in that sense. He set lofty expectations because he wanted me to succeed at a high level instead of setting low goals and just settling for an easy way out. He would set weekly goals and would reward the highest trainer efficiency scores that was internally maintained by HP Training team. This was motivation to test training methods and try to beat out my co-workers. He also had a level of respect for each of his employees that I never received at one of my other jobs. At HP everyone had the same level of expectations and if you did not meet them, Navin would work with that person to build up their quality of work or they would be mentored more rigorously with a clear performance improvement plan for not meeting expectations. I respected him more for being open to criticism. He would allow his trainers and senior trainers to critique him and help him improve his work quality. If I could work for Navin Kumar again I would immediately†¦

How to Create Successful Community Service Projects

How to Create Successful Community Service Projects SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you considered doing somecommunity service work during high school but can't find anything that fits your interests? Do you want to have more ownership over what kind of service work you do? If so, then making your own community service project may be the right idea for you. Read on for a step-by-step guide that will tell you everything you need to know to completeasuccessful community service project. Why Should You Do Community Service? Community service work can be a great way to spend some free time in high school, but did you also know that it can also be a big help when you apply to colleges? Colleges like seeing community service work as an extracurricular activity because it shows that you are actively involved in something that will better yourself and the world. By doing community service, you show that you have a real interest in making a positive change in your community. Community service shows admissions officers that you have a number of the "intangible" qualities that they're looking for in students. For example, through service work, you can show yourability to balance a lot of different activities at once while also maintaining your course load.This shows that you can stay organizedand take initiative. Finally, community service can help with some of the more concrete aspects of your college applications as well. The work you do can be great subject materialfor an application essay, can lead to good letters of recommendation, and - perhaps most importantly - can lead to scholarships! For more benefits of doing community service, see our guide. Why Should You Starta Community Service Project? If you're ready to start doing some community service work, you may want to considerstartingyour own community service project. Usually, students will choose to volunteer their time for a pre-established organization. However, creatingyour own community service project gives you the opportunity to have greater control over what you want to work on and what you want to achieve. Community service projects are different from traditional community service work because they areusually focused around one event or one goal and havedistinct end points. For example, you may decide to host a race to raise money and awareness for a certain disease, or you could plan a blood drive to help out after a disaster. These kinds of projects require a lot of planning and careful execution, so they're best attempted by students who have confidence in their ability to follow through in those areas. Though planning community service projects can be considerably more difficult than traditional community service work, it can also pay off in big ways, especially when considering your college applications: It shows leadership skills. This is a big thing that colleges want to see in your extracurricular activities. According to a DoSomething.org survey, over 50% of admissions officers agree that being a leader in a project or running your own project isthe best way to learn from community service experience. Why do admissions officers love leadership? Remember, they are on the lookout for the leaders of tomorrow. Show them now that you have the gumption to be one! It shows the ability to plan and organize. While leadership can refer to an intangible ability to inspire others, the planning and organization skills it takes to pull off a successful community service project are noteworthy in their own right. To run a large-scale event, you will need to coordinate many people, accurately predict expenses, and create a timeline. All of these are important skills that will help you in college and the future. It shows your ability to work with others. Most community service projects will be undertaken with a group. By organizing one, you are showing that you have great people skills. You can recognize different people’s talents and understand how to use them to maximum effect. You will show initiative and innovativeness. You saw a problem and decided that you were going to be the one to fix it. Moreover, nobody else told you how you were going to go about doing that. This shows great critical thinking and problem-solving skills that colleges love to see. Now that you know some of the reasons for making the effort to do a community service project let's go through the steps of successfully planning a project. 10Steps for Startinga Successful Community Service Project Step 1: Find Out What Is Needed in Your Community There are many ways to do this. Start out by asking your friends and family members if there are things that they have seen that need a solution. Talk to neighbors. Engage in a community discussion board such as Nextdoor.com. Talk to community officials (local government) and police officers, and speak with non-profit groups in the area. Once you have an idea of the issues present in your area, spend some time researching them. What is the history of the issue? Is it a new thing or has it been around a long time? What realistic steps can be taken to address it? What, if anything, have other groups done in the past to fixthe issue? It’s also a good idea to research what kind of events have taken place in your community in the past. What projectswere successful? What sort of activities had nobody show up? You can do this by talking to your local city government or local non-profit groups that have held events. You may also know from personal experience of events that you have attended. Which were the most engaging and resonated with your community? Step 2: See What You Have the Ability to Do It's time to start asking yourself the tough, specific questions. Remember to be honest and realistic as you answer them: What skills and talents do you have? How many people do you realistically think you will be able to get to help you? What skills and talents will they have? How many hours per week can you devote to the project? How soon do you want to do the project? What is a realistic amount of money you will be able to raise for the project? Do you have any materials at hand that will be helpful? Step 3: Choose a Project List your activity ideas. If you have a group of people you're going to work with, allow them to help yourank the ideasfrom most to least important. Vote on or decide which activity you want to do. Make sure it is reasonable, within your means, and that you can actually make an impact. Be honest with yourself and your group when assessing how to make the most impact. For example, imagine that you have decided to build a home for a homeless family. Would the experience of building the home yourselves add any value for the homeless family? On the flip side, could it cause any harm? Would it be more efficient and beneficial for the family if you simply raised the money for the home and allowed professionals to do the work? Be realistic withyour expectations and honest about the best way to reach your end goal. Step 4: Develop a Plan To start, write down exactly what you are hoping to accomplish. This will includea big-picture goal as well as the specific smaller tasks that you will need to doin order to get to that main goal. You also need to go into the practicalities of the project. How much equipment will you need? How many people will you need to successfully complete each part of the project? How much time can each person commit to the project? How will you organize different volunteers? Remember that you're responsible for the success of the project and one large part of that is that it takes place safely and legally. Do some background work to check out your liabilities and research the potential complications that can arise from the project you're planning. Step 5: Recruit Your Volunteers If you don’t already have a group of people helping you, now is the time to get some people involved. You can advertise in local newspapers, online forums, or websites like VolunteerMatch.org. Also, ask friends and family if they know people who would like to be involved. For each person, make sure that you have their contact information (email and phone number), as well as what areas they are best able to help in (making food, publicity, etc.). Get specific time commitments from your members. How much time can they contribute every week? How much time can they contribute on the day of the event? Make sure they are realistic and don’t commit more than their schedules will allow. Step 6: Make a Budget Now that you know your goals, you have to get specific with how much money is going to be needed to make your plan come to life. There are severalprograms out there that can help you make organized, detailed budgets. You can also do this in Excel or Word. Make sure you list the type of items that you need – be specific! How many will you need of each item? What is the cost per item? What is the total cost? Don’t forget that your budget has to includemore than just the physical items involved in your project. If you need a license to have an event or if you are going to pay someone to make an appearance, that will need to be factored into the budget as well. Finally, be sure to consider practical needs, like the cost of transportation and food on the day of the event for your volunteers. Step 7: Make a Timeline You should already have a rough idea of how long your project will take, but now you need to narrow it down to the specifics. Pick an end date for your project that will give you enough time to put it together. Make sure that the date is approved by all necessary authorities. Make specificschedulesfor each of your volunteers basedon how much time each can contribute. This is important – you don’t want to end up having to do everything yourself at the last minute because you assumed that people would be putting in more hours than they actually can! Try to be realistic with your expectations of what can be accomplished every hour. Markspecific goals on your timeline. By a certain date, a certain amount of the project should be completed, etc. Make note of specific things that are critical to success. What are the dates of fundraising events? When will yousend press releases to the media? Step 8: Raise Money There are a number of ways to raise money: street collection, organized events like raffles or an auction, direct mail donations, asking for contributions through church newsletters,and more. Increasingly, people are raising money through crowdfundingwebsites, such as GoFundMe, CrowdRise, DonorsChoose, or Kickstarter. See if any of these are viable options for your plan. You can also contact local businesses for sponsorship. Offer them some sort of advertisement in return. Whatever you choose to do, you will need to develop a strategy. Decide what your plan of attack will be to raise the amount needed. Top Tips for Raising Money: Get in touch with local officials to see if they have any tips, advice, or restrictions on how you can raise money Check into grants. Many charities will give money to projects that benefit their causes. Try to get money from a variety of sources so that you're not too reliant on just one if it happens to fail. Always have a backup plan. Step 9: Get Publicity Make a list of contacts at TV stations, newspapers, blogs, magazines, and radio stations. You are generally looking for journalists and editors. There are a number of ways you can get in touch with people who might be interested in covering your story. Start by looking for journalists who have written about similar causes or events in the past. You may be able to find an email address or other contact information by looking atpreviously-published articles. You should alsocheck local papers to see if there is information about whom to contact for local stories. Finally, you can search websitessuch as LinkedIn, much of which can be accessed even if you don't have an account. Initial contact can be made through social media (such as Twitter), or you can try to call or email the right people. You'll want to talk with them both about the specifics of the project, and why you're doing it. Make sure you let them know who is going to benefit from your project. Once you have your contacts and they're on board with advertising your project, make sure you stick to your schedule. Send out press releases at the appropriate time. Also, keep your contacts updated with any exciting milestones or achievements (such as reaching your fundraising goal). You can also easily advertise on your own. Set up a social media account (Facebook and/or Twitter) for the event. Make up a catchy hashtag you can use when talking about the event, and try to get others to use it as well. Step 10: Do the Project Now it's time toexecute all of your planning! On the Day of Your Event It may seem like the hard work is done at this point, but the actual event needs to go off without a hitch! The first step is to make sure that as much as possible is done and set up the day before the event. Don’t stress yourself out more than you need to on the day of! It’s also good to send out lots of reminders the day before to volunteers, participants, media,and anyone else whois important. Make sure you have a detailed schedule for what you will do the day of the event.Also, make a list of volunteer contact info, vendor contact info, and who will help in emergencies. Keep this with you at all times. Try to enjoy yourself, but stay on top of how things are progressing! Don’t forget to take pictures and stay active on social media during the event. Congrats on finishing your project! What to Do Afterward Once your project is over, you hopefully have experienced and learned new things. Take some time to reflect on this on your ownand also get feedback from the volunteers and participants. What didn’t go to plan? Consider how you could have done things differently and avoided problems. What went well? Why were those things successful? What have you learned about yourself? This can be many things like teamwork, leadership, or planning skills. Also, make sure you stop andconsider if you actually were successful in your goals. Did you help your target group? How can you tell that you have made progress and an impact? Take notes of these things. Finally, take some time to celebrate. You’ve just undertaken and accomplished something that many people would shy away from. 3Tips to Make Your Project Easier If the abovesteps seem daunting, try some of these tips to help make your project a success: Try setting up your project through your school. This may make it easier for you to recruit fellow students to volunteer for your event, and it can also give you a convenient place to meet to work on theproject. Reach out to a wide range of helpers to work on your project. You can do this by advertising in local newspapers, newsletters, through your city government, or on local websites. When your volunteers have a wide range of skills, it canmake certain tasks - like contacting the media or making a budget - easier because there is a good chance that someone will have done it before. Partner with a local charity or non-profit if you have a mutual cause. The charity may already have registered volunteers so you will have to recruit fewer people, and it may be able to either donate money to your projector have ideasthat will make your fundraising easier. What’s Next? If you would like some inspiration for choosing a community service project, see our list of community service ideas. If you want to learn more about why volunteering might be a good choice for you, check out the benefits of community service for teens. Already done a community service project? Learn how to write about your extracurriculars on your college application. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Book Review of R.J. Palacios Wonder

Book Review of R.J. Palacio's 'Wonder' Wonder, R.J. Palacios debut novel, was written for children 8 to 12 years old, but its message defies genres. Published in 2012, its anti-bullying, pro-acceptance message will resonate with teenagers and even adults as well. Style Some books are action-packed, compelling the reader to turn the page to find out what happens next. Other books are compelling because they invite readers to engage with characters who are real, who come alive off the page, and who pull the reader into their story. Wonder is the latter kind of book. In fact, very little action happens within its pages, and yet readers will find themselves deeply affected by the story. Summary August Pullman (Auggie to his friends) is not an ordinary 10-year-old boy. He feels like one  and has the interests of one, but his face is not ordinary at all. In fact, its the type of face that scares kids and makes people stare. Auggie is pretty good natured about it all. This is the way he is, after all, and while he doesn’t like that people stare, there’s not much he can do about it. Because his face has required many reconstructive surgeries, Auggie has been homeschooled. But there are no more surgeries to be done for a while, and now August’s parents think it’s time that he goes to mainstream school, beginning with fifth grade in the fall. The idea of this terrifies Auggie; he knows how people react to seeing him, and he wonders if he will be able to fit in at school at all. He bravely gives it a go, but finds that it’s much like he expected. Many of the children laugh at him behind his back, and someone has started a game called the Plague, in which people â€Å"catch† a â€Å"disease† if they touch Auggie. One boy, Julian, leads the bullying attacks. He’s the sort of kid whom adults find charming, but in reality, he is quite mean to anyone not in his circle of friends. Auggie does make two close friends: Summer, a girl who actually likes Auggie for who he is, and Jack. Jack started out as Auggie’s â€Å"assigned† friend, and when Auggie finds this out, he and Jack have a falling out. However, they patch things up at Christmas, after Jack gets suspended for hitting Julian for badmouthing Auggie. This leads to a â€Å"war, with the popular boys against Auggie and Jack. While nothing more than mean words, in the form of notes in the lockers, fly between the two camps, the tension between them lasts until the spring. Then theres a confrontation between a group of older boys from a different school and Auggie and Jack at a sleep-away camp. They are hopelessly outnumbered until a group of boys who were formerly against Auggie and Jack help defend them from the bullies. In the end, Auggie has a successful year at school, and even makes the Honor Roll. In addition, the school gives him an award for courage, which he doesnt understand, musing, â€Å"If they want to give me a medal for being me, I’ll take it.† (p. 306) He sees himself as ordinary, and in the face of everything else, he really is just that: an ordinary kid. Review It‘s the straightforward, non-sentimental manner in which Palacio approaches her topic that makes this such an excellent book. Auggie might have an extraordinary face, but hes a regular kid, and that makes him relatable, in spite of his challenges. Palacio also shifts her point of view, telling the story through the eyes of characters other than Auggie. This allows the reader to get to know characters like Auggies sister, Via, who talks about the way her brother takes over the family’s life. However, some of the other viewpoints- especially of Via’s friends- feel somewhat unnecessary and bog down the middle of the book. The power of the book likes in how Palacio creates such a normal, relatable character from a boy living with such an extraordinary physical affliction. Even though Wonder is recommended for children ages 8 through 12, the books themes of identity, bullying, and acceptance make it interesting reading for a wide audience as well. About R.J. Palacio An art director by profession, R. J. Palacio first thought of the idea for Wonder when she and her children were on vacation. While there, they saw a young girl who had a condition similar to Auggie’s. Her children reacted badly, which got Palacio thinking about the girl and what she goes through on a daily basis. Palacio also thought about how she could have better taught her children to respond to situations like this. The book inspired Random House to start an anti-bullying campaign, called Choose Kind, with a site where people can share their experiences and sign a pledge to stamp out bullying. There you can also download an excellent Educator Guide for Wonder to use at home, or with a community grouop. Companion Book Auggie Me: Three Wonder Stories, also by R. J. Palacio, is a 320-page collection of three stories, each told from the point of view of one of three characters from Wonder: the bully Julian, Auggie’s oldest friend, Christopher, and his new friend, Charlotte. The stories take place prior to Auggie’s attending school and during his first year there. This book is neither a prequel nor a sequel to Wonder- in fact, Palacio has made it clear that she does not plan to ever write either. Instead, this book is meant as a companion for those who have already read Wonder and want to extend the experience by learning more about Auggies impact on the people around him.

Short essay about racism Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Short about racism - Essay Example In context of history the factor of racism was the major force behind the slave trade. The racial segregation was observed in the nineteenth as well as in the twentieth century in USA and also in South Africa. Racism can be considered to be a belief through which one individual is considered to be inferior or superior to other. Through this concept moral and social traits of an individual is ignored and more focus is on the biological characteristics of the person. Racism gives birth to hatred towards another individual and is a kind of belief that states that one person is inferior to another in terms of skin color, birth place, language customs or any such kind of factor that highlights the nature of an individual. The concept of racism can be well determined on basis of two elements such as power and prejudice. This is simply because if there is no support in terms of economical or political power then such a prejudice would not be able to survive as a social, cultural or institutional phenomenon. 1The major question for this thesis would be to â€Å"state the historical origin of racism and to reflect on the path that is how the concept of racism has changed over time†. The ent ire discussion would be centered towards these two elements to highlight the basic approach of racism. The concept of racism had gained its importance way back during the time of African slavery. Throughout the history there have been many individuals who were enslaved though there was no such imposition in context of racial ideology. During the 17th century the scenario in America was completely different before there was any such law that was formulated legitimizing the concept of slavery of Africans. The first major group who the Englishmen treated as slaves were the Irish people, there was some form of hostile relations between the two since the period of time century. Majority of the English people has formulated law in

Nature of Entrepreneurship course Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nature of Entrepreneurship course - Coursework Example Everyone can become an entrepreneur as it is the easiest thing to do. Easy in the sense that, one doesn’t have to go to school or use a lot of many to become an entrepreneur. As Seth Godin says, one has to study for very many years to become a neurosurgeon (Seth, 2012). However, you doesn’t have to do such for you to become an entrepreneur. This qualifies the fact that entrepreneurs are born. It is also interesting to know that not everyone can become an entrepreneur, even though anyone is able to become one. The nature of entrepreneurship has some connections with other terms such as monopoly, market, entrepreneurial learning, opportunity and creativity. In this essay, we will discuss the nature of entrepreneurship course with relation to the above mentioned terms that are connected to it. Monopoly is a very important tool for entrepreneurs. For one to become a successful entrepreneur, as Seth Godin says, they must have the power of monopoly on various aspects. Monopoly sets in on the issue of space, product, customers and even idea. When an individual can command the market of a particular location, it means they have a monopoly of supply in that location. This is one of the things that keeps them in business and make them successful as entrepreneurs. Monopoly can also exist in the idea that an entrepreneur has. For instance, Apple is able to do what it does because it has a monopoly of idea of meeting the demands of its customers. It provides products that solve the customer’s problems, hence, making their products most likable in the market against their competitors (Nabi & Holden, 2008). Therefore, the idea of monopoly in entrepreneurship, refers to having control over the unique ways of doing business that makes you what you are in what you do. Entrepreneu rship is basically built by the creation of monopoly that becomes like a brand name in business. People can have great ideas that lead them to becoming great entrepreneurs. However,

Brief Management Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Brief Management Analysis - Term Paper Example Managed care organizations usually operate as business entities, to make sure that the limited resources are effectively utilized. The original aim of managed care was to stress on the safeguarding of health of the population instead of carrying out expensive interventions once the health of citizens had already been compromised (Risk, 2009). The expression ‘managed care’ speaks for a group of different arrangements that are still being amended and improved for the most part. Four factors are involved in the funding as well as delivery of health care options to the population. These include the suppliers of care, the consumers of the services, the procurer of the care, and the insurer who compensates for care. The expression ‘managed care’ may also be taken to mean preferred provider organizations (PPOs), health maintenance organizations (HMOs), and utilization review. The preferred provider organization (PPO), which works in league with healthcare providers , is responsible for providing covered services for a reasonable fee. Health care providers who operate under definite contracts are identified as ‘preferred providers’. ... The health maintenance organization also provides all the health-care services that are insured at a fixed price in the premium fee. The healthcare consumer has the option of adding co-payments when interested in making office visits as well as other healthcare services. HMOs are also in charge of delivering healthcare through the communication networks built formed among providers. Utilization review refers to the process of assessing the care that is supplied to individual consumers (Kongstvedt, 2009). Utilization review has been utilized broadly in prepaid health-care measures as well as fee-for-service indemnity. Its main objective is to reduce healthcare costs while also enhancing the quality of healthcare. Managed care organizations have historically included the implementation of different prevention initiatives (Risk, 2009). Many MNOs utilize quality improvement and internal performance-measurement systems like the Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) to test and improve thei r services. Managed care organizations have become a principal source of health care for publicly funded programs such as Medicare and Medicaid as well as the recipients of employer-funded care. In addition, MCOs stand for systems of organized care that usually concentrate on given social groups and are responsible for supporting objectives like prevention activities. The Managed Care Working Group has been at the fore front of proposing recommendations that can foster the integration into managed care of prevention practices. Cost Containment Cost containment proposals have an effect on health care systems through numerous ways. In the first place, cost containment can change the quality of care that

Sigmund Freud Essay Example for Free

Sigmund Freud Essay Consequently, Watson proposed that psychologist should confine themselves to studying behaviour, since only this was measurable by more than one person. For Watson the only way psychology could be taken seriously was to emulate the natural sciences and become objective. Watsons form of psychology was known as behaviourism. In 1913, Watson was working in the field of animal psychology and thought that the term animals could include humans. Watson was not interested in the mental processes. He saw no role for the mind and consciousness. Watson thought behaviour was observable and therefore scientific. The mind and its thought processes were abstract and unobservable and therefore unscientific. Behaviourism was defined by Watson as the study of the association between a stimulus and a response. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) was a Russian physiologist studying the digestion of dogs, when he found that the laboratory dogs could be conditioned to salivate without food. This learnt behaviour was called classical conditioning. Behaviourism began with the study of animals and experiments were taking over from simply watching them in their natural environment. Thorndike (1911) was interested in human behaviour although he used animals for his experiments for ethical reasons. Thorndike used a puzzle box with a complicated set of pegs and pulleys and watched as the animals attempted to escape. Eventually though trial and error, the animal would manage to open the door and it was rewarded with food. So escaping from the box had become desirable. The animal would then be placed in the box again and after several repetitions the animal preformed the necessary response to open the door more quickly. Thorndike argued that the animal had learnt how to escape because of the reward. Thorndike called this the law of effect. If we like the consequences of our actions then the actions are likely to be repeated. This kind of learning was known as operant conditioning and was studied in more detail by B. F Skinner (1874-1949) Skinner reiterated Thorndikes law of effect in his experiments with rats. Skinners approach to psychology was scientific. His views came from Darwins theories of evolution. Skinner focused on the environment as a cause for human behaviour. He did not think people acted for moral reasons; he thought they reacted in response to their environment. A person might do a good thing not for moral reasons, but for the rewards received for the act. For Skinner the mental process is irrelevant. There is a key difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves involuntary or innate behaviour such as salivating and fear responses. They can be elicited, which means you can do something that produces an involuntary response. Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviours. Voluntary behaviours are those behaviours that cannot be made to happen. This means that you cannot get these behaviours until someone carries them out. Watson did a study in 1920 and it is a widely used example of how we learn. Albert was conditioned to show a fear response to rats that he initially liked and showed no fear. Watson used a hammer struck on a metal bar to make a loud noise. Albert showed a natural fear response to the loud noise. (Unconditional response) The bar was struck while Albert petted the rat. Eventually, Albert associated the loud noise with the rat and showed the fear response upon seeing the rat. (Conditional response) Watson claimed that emotional responses are learnt through conditioning. He concluded that environment shapes our personality and genetics play no part in our behaviour characteristics. There are ethical criticisms of the little Albert study, however the main criticism seem to be that when the data was examined it showed that it was quite difficult to condition Albert and the fear did not last long. They had to repeat the pairing often to strengthen the association between the loud noise and the rat. Although, the study suggests that it was easy to condition Albert, the data suggest that it was not that easy and not that clear cut. Social learning theory assumes that personality differences result from differences in the learning experiences. This includes learning from observing others in addition to operant and classical conditioning. For example in language acquisition, a child learns to talk by imitating the adults. For social learning to occur, one individual must acquire a new behaviour from another individual (the model) with no reinforcement required. For example, monkeys in the wild are afraid of snakes and display this fear with screeching and jumping up and down. Captive monkeys reared in a laboratory do not have this fear. Mineka and Cook (1988) studied how rhesus monkeys can learn this response. When lab reared monkeys observed the agitated behaviour of wild monkeys in response to a snake, they modified their behaviour to match the model. The monkeys seem to have learnt to display fear by watching the behaviour of other individuals. Bandura, Ross and Ross, (1961) set out to investigate whether children learnt, through observation to display aggression. Children aged between 3 and 6 years of age were split into two groups. One group were exposed to a non-aggressive adult model. The other group were exposed to an adult model behaving aggressively, both physically and verbally to a blow up Bobo doll. The model punched, kicked and hit the doll with a mallet while the children observed this behaviour. The children were then taken to a room containing non-aggressive toys such as crayons, cars, a farm set and aggressive toys such as a dart gun a mallet and a Bobo doll. The children imitated the model with verbal and physical aggressive behaviour towards the Bobo doll. The findings demonstrated that observation and imitation could account for the learning of specific acts without reinforcement. Classical conditioning can explain some of the aspects of human behaviour, especially natural fear responses. Taste aversion, phobias and Gulf War Syndrome can be explained this way. Classical conditioning has a wide range of applications in behaviour therapy and has been successful in treating phobias. However, it cannot explain the attainment of entirely new behaviours and it cannot explain all of human learning especially the diversity of human personality and characteristics. It does not take into account that humans are capable of insight learning and the results are achieved through reasoning, with no trial and error are present. Operant Conditioning can explain how children learn the sounds of words from adults. Nevertheless, it does not explain how children correct grammar, as parents do not reinforce grammar (Slobin 1975) Bibliography Brain C. (2000) Approaches and Methods. Nelson and Thornes Ltd. UK Jarvis M. (et el) (2000) Angles on Psychology. Stanley and Thornes Ltd. UK Atkinson R.L. (et el) An Introduction to Psychology. (1981) Harcourt Brace College Publishers. USA (Word count 2052) Beverley Fielden Access Psychology